Euclid, often called the father of geometry, changed the way we learn about shapes with his 13-book series, Euclid’s Elements. He used basic ideas called axioms or postulates to create solid proofs and figure out new ideas called theorems and propositions.

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Independent of Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz conceived calculus. It is believed he invented calculus somewhere in the middle of the 1670s. He said that he conceived of the ideas in about 1674, and then published the ideas in 1684, 10 years later.

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Though he had almost no formal training in pure mathematics, Srinivasa Ramanujan made substantial contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions, including solutions to mathematical problems then considered unsolvable.

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Emmy Noether was a German mathematician whose innovations in higher algebra gained her recognition as the most creative abstract algebraist of modern times.

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René Descartes was a French mathematician, philosopher and scientist. Mathematics was central to his method of inquiry, and he connected the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra into analytic geometry.

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